He studied at the Wellington Technical College and at Canterbury College of Fine Arts, Christchurch. He worked with kinetic constructions and experimented with film animation. He invented a direct technique of painting or etching the image on the film itself without using a camera. He received awards at the International Film Festival at Brussels, the New York Television Art Director’s Award in 1957 and in 1958 the Silver Award for Experimental Films at the Brussels World Fair. He developed his tangible motion sculptures shown for the first time at the Museum of Modern Art, New York 1961; exhibited same year in Amsterdam, Stockholm and Copenhagen and had several one-man shows.